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In recent years, the UN peace mission in Western Sahara has become known for its inaction. After 34 years of operation, does MINURSO still have a role to play in resolving this conflict?
The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara, or MINURSO, was established in 1991 with the primary goal of preparing and organizing a referendum. However, this objective has never been realized due to the lack of favorable conditions for such a popular consultation.
The geopolitical landscape, both regionally and globally, that led to the creation of MINURSO has changed significantly. The mission's very purpose is now being questioned, particularly after the Polisario blocked traffic at the El Guerguerate crossing and launched an offensive on November 13, 2020, thereby violating the ceasefire agreement of September 26, 1991.
Today, major world powers, notably the United States and France, have shifted their approach to the Sahara issue. A new dynamic is emerging, and in this context, apart from drafting reports for the UN Secretary-General, MINURSO no longer seems to have a meaningful role. This is something I raised back in 2006 during a visit to New York with UN officials.
What obstacles is MINURSO facing in fulfilling its mission, and who is responsible?
MINURSO has failed to organize a referendum in the Sahara due to obstacles from the Polisario and Algeria regarding the composition of the electoral body. Both parties argue that a referendum is not the solution and instead advocate for the creation of a republic in the Sahara. This presents a glaring contradiction: How can they demand a referendum while simultaneously declaring a republic?
In 2000, when the mandate of the electoral body identification commission ended, did Morocco request a name change for MINURSO?
Faced with difficulties in finalizing the voter list, Kofi Annan ended the mandate of the identification commission. Morocco attempted to change the mission's name but faced opposition from the Polisario.
What is your assessment of the current situation within the Polisario and in the Tindouf camps?
The disintegration of the Polisario began in 1988, and today, the Tindouf camps are plagued by widespread anarchy. Tribalism is rampant, with conflicts over power and drug trafficking, while disillusioned youth are joining terrorist groups, especially in Mali.
Since November 13, 2020, the Polisario has reached an impasse, particularly after Moroccan air forces prevented its militias from accessing the so-called «liberated territories». The situation in the Tindouf camps is increasingly volatile, as seen in the tense exchanges on social media among different youth factions.
After the United States and France recognized Morocco's sovereignty over the Sahara, does the UN still have a role to play in this matter?
Most major powers, including the United States and France, permanent members of the Security Council, now support a pragmatic solution that reflects the geographical and human realities on the ground. Significant developments are occurring, especially in Mauritania and Morocco. The return of Donald Trump to the U.S. presidency could have major consequences.
