Morocco’s last independent Sultan on why the state fell to the French

Before the French ever arrived with guns and flags, Morocco was already collapsing from within. In a forgotten memoir written in exile, Sultan Moulay Abdelhafid—the last independent monarch before the French protectorate—delivers a scathing posthumous reckoning, blaming the fall not on colonial conquest, but on corruption, betrayal, and the slow death of a state rotting from the inside.