Before the French ever arrived with guns and flags, Morocco was already collapsing from within. In a forgotten memoir written in exile, Sultan Moulay Abdelhafid—the last independent monarch before the French protectorate—delivers a scathing posthumous reckoning, blaming the fall not on colonial conquest, but on corruption, betrayal, and the slow death of a state rotting from the inside.
The first telegraph line ever connecting Morocco to Europe was installed by the British. Laid at sea between Gibraltar and Tangier in the 1880s, the cable was the result of years of lobbying and negotiations between the British government and the Makhzen. These negotiations speak volumes about European interventionism in the kingdom and the latter’s struggle to resist foreign pressure and protect its sovereignty.
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