The Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula has shaped the cultural identity of the inhabitants of that part of the world. The influence Islam had on the region led to a profound social transformation, according to several Spanish researchers.
Pope Sylvester II, who studied at Morocco’s Al Quaraouiyine University in Fes, is the first French scholar to hold this position. The Arabic-speaking Pope is, according to some historians, the one behind the Crusades' plan.